Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief: Petre Gastescu, Hyperion University of Bucharest (Romania)
Managing Editor: Petre Bretcan, Valahia University of Targoviste (Romania)
Volume 8(1) / 2014
ISSN: 1844-6477 (print version)
ISSN: 2284-5305 (electronic version)

 

 

  

 

ADVANCES IN CLOG STATE MONITORING FOR USE IN AUTOMATED REED BED INSTALLATIONS

 

Theodore HUGHES-RILEY1, Michael I. NEWTON1, J. Beau W. WEBBER2, Jaume PUIGAGUT3, Enrica UGGETTI3, Joan GARCIA3, Robert H. MORRIS1

1The Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom (+44 01158 483123)
2 Lab-Tools Ltd., Canterbury Enterprise Hub, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom; (+44 07805 437 241)
3 GEMMA—Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Hydraulic, Maritime and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain (+34 93 401 62 00) Email: rob.morris@ntu.ac.uk

Abstract

Constructed wetlands are a popular form of waste-water treatment that have proliferated across Europe and the rest of the world in recent years as an environmentally conscious form of waste water treatment. The ability to monitor the conditions in the bed and control input factors such as heating and aeration may extend the lifetime of the reed bed substantially beyond the ten year lifetime normally reached. The Autonomous Reed Bed Installation (ARBI) project is an EU FP7 initiative to develop a reed bed with automated control over input parameters based on readings taken from embedded sensors. Automated remedial action may improve bed treatment efficiency, and prolong the life of the bed and avoiding the need to refurbish the bed, which is both time consuming and costly. One critical parameter to observe is the clog state of the reed bed, as this can severely impact on the efficiency of water treatment to the point of the bed becoming non-operable. Magnetic resonance (MR) sensors can be a powerful tool in determining clogging levels, and has previously been explored in the literature. This work is based on a conference paper (2nd International Conference "Water resources and wetlands", 2014) and details magnetic sensors suitable for long-term embedding into a constructed wetland. Unlike previous studies this work examines a probe embedded into a wetland.

Keywords: constructed wetlands, waste water, magnetic resonance, clogging, sensor, monitoring

  
Full text PDF.
     
   

References (23)
   
  1. Adeola, S., Revitt, M., Shutes, B., Garelick, H., John, H. & Jones, C., 2009, Constructed wetland control of bod levels in airport runoff, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 11(1), 1-10, DOI: 10.1080/15226510802363220.
  2. Bencsik, M., Shamim, M.F., Morris, R.H. & Newton, M.I., 2013, Monitoring accelerated clogging of a model horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland using magnetic resonance transverse relaxation times, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 178, 48-52, DOI: 10.1007/s13762-013-0336-7.
  3. Bowmer, K.H., 1987. Nutrient removal from effluents by artificial wetland: influence of rhizosphere aeration and preferential flow studied using bromide and dye tracers. Water Reserach 21 (5), 591–599, DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(87)90068-6.
  4. Bloch, F., 1946, Nuclear Induction, Physical Review, 70, 460-473, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.70.460.
  5. Caselles-Osorio, A., Puigagut, J., Segú, E., Vaello, N., Granés, F., García, D., García, J., 2007. Solids accumulation in six full-scale subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Water Reserach 41 (6), 1388–1398, DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.019.
  6. Conley, L.M., Dick, R.I. & Lion, L.W., 1991, An assessment of the root zone method of wastewater treatment, Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 63(3), 239 – 247, available online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25043987 (accessed on 19/08/2014).
  7. Cooper, P. 2007, The constructed wetland association UK database of constructed wetland systems, Water Science and Technology, 56(3), 1-6, DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.490.
  8. Carr, H. Y., & Purcell, E. M. 1954, Effects of diffusion on free precession in nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, Physical Review, 94(3), 630-638, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.94.630.
  9. Hill-Casey, F., Hughes-Riley, T., Bradley, C.R., Newton, M.I., & Morris,  R.H. 2014, Magnetic resonance relaxation measurements using earth’s field magnetic resonance to assess the clog state of constructed wetlands, Diffusion Fundamentals; in press.
  10. Hughes-Riley, T., Newton, M.I., Webber, J.B.W., Puigagut, J., Uggetti, E., Garcia, J. & Morris, R.H. 2014a, Advances in Automated Reed Bed Installations, 2nd International Conference "Water resources and wetlands", 11 – 13 September 2014, Tulcea, Romania.
  11. Hughes-Riley, T., Xu, Z., Hill-Casey, F., Newton, M.I. & Morris, R.H. 2014b, Using Unilateral Sensors to Assess the Clog State of Constructed Wetlands, 12th International Bologna Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media (MRPM12), 9 – 13 February 2014, Wellington, New Zealand.
  12. Hughes-Riley, T., Webber, J.B., Newton, M.I. & Morris, R.H. 2014c, Magnetic resonance relaxation measurements using open-geometry sensors to assess the clog state of constructed wetlands, Diffusion Fundamentals; under review.
  13. Hughes-Riley, T., Newton, M.I. & Morris, R.H. 2014d, Temperature dependence of magnetic resonance sensors for embedding into constructed wetlands, 1st International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, 1-16 June 2014, DOI: 10.3390/ecsa-1-c006.
  14. Griffin, P., Wilson, L. & Cooper, F., 2008, Proceedings of the 11th Int Conf. on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, 1-7 November 2008, Indore, India.
  15. Kadlec, R.H. & Wallace, S.D., 2009, Treatment Wetlands, CRC Press, FL, USA, 101p.
  16. Knowles, P.R., Griffin, P., Davies, P.A., 2010. Complementary methods to investigate the development of clogging within a horizontal sub-surface flow tertiary treatment wetland. Water Reserach 44 (1), 320–330, DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.028.
  17. Meiboom, S., & Gill, D. 1958, Modified spin-echo method for measuring nuclear relaxation times, Review of scientific instrumen, 29(8), 688-691, DOI: 10.1063/1.1716296.
  18. Morris, R.H., Newton, M.I., Knowles, P.R., Bencsik, M., Davies, P.A., Griffin, P. & McHale, G. 2011, Analysis of clogging in constructed wetlands using magnetic resonance, Analyst, 136, 2283-2286, DOI: 10.1039/c0an00986e.
  19. Nivala, J., Knowles, P., Dotro, G., García, J., Wallace, S. (2012) Clogging in subsurface-flow treatment wetlands: Measurement, modeling and management. Water Research 46 (6), 1625–1640.
  20. Pedescoll, A., Uggetti, E., Llorens, E., Granés, F., Garcia, D., García, J., 2009. Practical method based on saturated hydraulic conductivity used to asses clogging in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Ecological  Engineering 35 (8), 1216–1224, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.03.016.
  21. Rabi, I.I., Zacharias, J.R., Millman, S. & Kusch, P. 1938, A New Method of Measuring Nuclear Magnetic Moments, Physical Review, 53(4), 318-327, DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.53.318.
  22. Rousseau, D.P.L., Horton, D., Vanrolleghem, P.A., De Pauw, N., 2005. Impact of operational maintenance on the asset life of storm reed beds. Water Science Technology 51(9), 243–250
  23. Shamim, M.F., Bencsik, M., Morris, R.H. & Newton, M.I. 2013, MRI measurements of dynamic clogging in porous systems using sterilised sludge, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 178, 48-52, DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.04.025.
 
© Romanian Limnogeographical Association (2008)